fbpx

CSMANLTD Design and Build Services London

The Design and Build approach has emerged as a popular method for delivering efficient, cost-effective, and seamless project execution. CSMANLTD specialises in offering comprehensive Design and Build services in London, ensuring that every project we undertake is executed with precision and excellence. Our integrated approach combines innovative design with expert construction, providing clients with a streamlined process from concept to completion.

Understanding Design and Build

  1. What is Design and Build? Design and Build is a project delivery method where a single entity is responsible for both the design and construction phases of a project. This approach fosters collaboration, reduces project timelines, and enhances accountability, as the same team oversees the entire process from start to finish.
  2. Benefits of Design and Build:
  • Single Point of Responsibility: With one team managing the entire project, communication is streamlined, and accountability is clear.
  • Enhanced Collaboration: Designers and builders work together from the outset, ensuring that design intentions are fully realized in the construction phase.
  • Reduced Timelines: Overlapping design and construction phases can significantly shorten project timelines, allowing for quicker completion.
  • Cost Efficiency: Integrated teams can better manage budgets, reduce waste, and avoid costly design changes during construction.

Our Design and Build Services

  1. Initial Consultation and Concept Development: Our process begins with a thorough consultation to understand your vision, requirements, and budget. We collaborate with you to develop a detailed project brief that guides the design phase.
  2. Architectural Design: Our team of experienced architects creates innovative and functional designs that align with your vision. We use advanced design software to produce detailed drawings and 3D models, allowing you to visualize the final outcome.
  3. Engineering and Planning: Our engineers ensure that the designs are structurally sound and comply with all relevant building regulations. We handle all planning permissions and regulatory approvals, ensuring a smooth transition to the construction phase.
  4. Construction Management: With the design finalized, our construction team takes over, managing every aspect of the build. Our project managers ensure that construction is carried out efficiently, safely, and to the highest quality standards.
  5. Quality Assurance and Handover: Throughout the construction process, we conduct rigorous quality checks to ensure that the project meets our high standards. Upon completion, we provide a detailed handover, ensuring that every aspect of the project meets your expectations.

Why Choose CSMANLTD for Design and Build?

  1. Expertise and Experience: With years of experience in the construction industry, CSMANLTD, has the expertise to manage complex Design and Build projects. Our team comprises skilled architects, engineers, and builders who are committed to delivering exceptional results.
  2. Integrated Approach: Our Design and Build approach fosters collaboration and innovation, ensuring that every project is executed seamlessly from concept to completion. By integrating design and construction, we can deliver projects more efficiently and effectively.
  3. Customized Solutions: We understand that every project is unique. Our Design and Build services are tailored to meet your specific needs, preferences, and budget. Whether you’re constructing a residential home, a commercial facility, or an industrial building, we provide solutions that align with your vision.
  4. Commitment to Quality: At CSMANLTD, quality is at the core of everything we do. We adhere to stringent quality control measures throughout the design and construction phases, ensuring that every project meets the highest standards of excellence.
  5. Client-Centric Approach: We prioritize our clients’ needs and satisfaction. Our transparent communication, proactive problem-solving, and dedication to exceeding expectations ensure a positive and rewarding experience for every client.

Conclusion

Choosing CSMANLTD. for your Design and Build project in London means entrusting your vision to a team of dedicated professionals committed to transforming ideas into reality. Our integrated approach, combining innovative design with expert construction, ensures a seamless and efficient project delivery from start to finish. Contact us today to learn more about our Design and Build services and how we can help you achieve your construction goals with precision and excellence.

Read More

CSMANLTD – Super Structures London – Above Ground Construction

In construction, the superstructure is the part of a building above the ground level, playing a crucial role in defining the building’s architecture, functionality, and overall aesthetic. At CSMANLTD, we specialise in providing top-tier superstructure services in London, ensuring that every building we work on is robust, stylish, and perfectly suited to its intended use. Our comprehensive approach covers everything from design and engineering to construction and finishing, delivering superstructures that stand the test of time.

What is a Superstructure?

  1. Definition and Importance: The superstructure includes all the elements of a building above the foundation, such as the frame, floors, walls, roofs, and any architectural features. It’s essential for providing the building’s shape, support, and protection against environmental factors. A well-constructed superstructure enhances the building’s durability, safety, and visual appeal.
  2. Components of a Superstructure:
  • Frame: The skeleton of the building, usually made from steel, concrete, or timber.
  • Floors and Ceilings: These divide the building into levels and provide support for occupants and furnishings.
  • Walls: They provide structural support, insulation, and a barrier against the elements.
  • Roof: Protects the building from weather and can add aesthetic value.
  • Windows and Doors: Essential for ventilation, light, and access.

Our Superstructure Services

  1. Design and Engineering: At CSMANLTD, we start with meticulous planning and design. Our architects and engineers work closely with clients to create superstructure designs that meet their specific requirements and comply with local regulations. We use advanced design software to ensure precision and efficiency.
  2. Structural Framework: We construct the structural framework using high-quality materials like steel, concrete, and timber. Our team ensures that the framework is strong, stable, and capable of supporting the entire building’s weight.
  3. Floor and Roof Construction: Our experts handle the construction of floors and roofs, ensuring they are robust, level, and properly insulated. We offer various flooring options, including concrete slabs and suspended floors, and various roofing styles to suit different architectural preferences.
  4. Wall Construction: We build walls that provide structural support, insulation, and aesthetic value. Whether it’s load-bearing walls, partition walls, or exterior cladding, our construction methods ensure durability and energy efficiency.
  5. Windows and Doors Installation: Our team installs high-quality windows and doors that enhance the building’s functionality and appearance. We offer a range of styles and materials to suit different design preferences.
  6. Finishing Touches: We provide all necessary finishing touches to ensure your building’s superstructure is complete and ready for use. This includes plastering, painting, and installing any architectural features that add to the building’s aesthetics.

Why Choose CSMANLTD for Superstructure Services?

  1. Expertise and Experience: With years of experience in the construction industry, CSMANLTD, Our team of skilled professionals has extensive knowledge and expertise in building robust and aesthetically pleasing superstructures.
  2. Comprehensive Solutions: We offer a full range of superstructure services, from initial design to final finishing. Our comprehensive approach ensures that every aspect of your project is handled with care and precision.
  3. Customized Designs: We understand that every project is unique. Our team works closely with you to develop customized superstructure solutions that meet your specific needs and preferences. Whether you’re constructing a residential, commercial, or industrial building, we provide tailored solutions that align with your vision.
  4. Quality and Safety: At CSMANLTD, quality and safety are our top priorities. We adhere to strict quality control measures and safety protocols throughout the construction process to ensure that our superstructures are built to the highest standards of excellence and durability.
  5. Advanced Technology: We utilise the latest construction techniques and technologies to deliver superior superstructure solutions. Our state-of-the-art equipment and innovative methods ensure that your project is completed efficiently and to the highest quality.

Benefits of a Well-Constructed Superstructure

  1. Durability and Stability: A well-constructed superstructure ensures that your building is durable and stable, capable of withstanding environmental factors and everyday wear and tear.
  2. Enhanced Aesthetics: The superstructure defines the building’s appearance. Quality construction and attention to detail enhance the aesthetic appeal, making the building more attractive and valuable.
  3. Increased Property Value: A robust and aesthetically pleasing superstructure can significantly increase your property’s market value. Potential buyers and tenants are often willing to pay a premium for buildings that are well-constructed and visually appealing.
  4. Improved Energy Efficiency: Modern construction techniques and materials used in superstructure building can improve energy efficiency, reducing heating and cooling costs and making the building more environmentally friendly.

Conclusion

At CSMANLTD, we are dedicated to providing superior superstructure services in London, ensuring that every building we work on is stable, stylish, and built to last. From design and engineering to construction and finishing, our comprehensive approach guarantees exceptional results. Contact us today to learn more about our superstructure services and how we can help you achieve your construction goals with excellence and precision.

Read More

Maximizing Your Home’s Potential with Basement Construction in London

In the bustling city of London, where space is at a premium, homeowners are increasingly turning to basement construction as a solution for expanding their living areas. Whether you’re considering an under-house basement construction or transforming an existing basement, this innovative approach can significantly enhance your property’s value and functionality. At CSMANLTD, we specialise in providing top-notch basement construction services tailored to meet the unique needs of London homeowners.

Why Choose Basement Construction?

  1. Optimal Space Utilization: One of the primary reasons homeowners opt for basement construction is the efficient use of space. In a city where every square foot counts, creating a basement allows you to add substantial living space without altering the exterior footprint of your property. This is particularly beneficial in densely populated areas where expanding outwards is not an option.
  2. Increased Property Value: A well-designed basement can significantly boost your property’s market value. Potential buyers often view additional space as a valuable asset, whether it’s used for an extra bedroom, home office, gym, or entertainment area. By investing in basement construction, you’re not only enhancing your living experience but also making a smart financial decision.
  3. Customised Living Areas: Basement construction offers the flexibility to create spaces that cater specifically to your lifestyle needs. From luxurious home cinemas and wine cellars to practical utility rooms and guest suites, the possibilities are endless. Our team at CSMANLTD works closely with you to design and build a basement that perfectly aligns with your vision.

The CSMANLTD Advantage

  1. Expertise and Experience: With years of experience in the industry, CSMANLTD is a trusted name in basement construction in London. Our skilled professionals are well-versed in the latest construction techniques and adhere to the highest standards of quality and safety. We handle every aspect of the project, from initial planning and design to construction and finishing touches.
  2. Comprehensive Services: At CSMANLTD, we offer a comprehensive range of services to ensure a seamless construction process. Our offerings include:
  • Initial Consultation and Planning: We begin with a thorough assessment of your property and discuss your specific requirements and preferences.
  • Design and Architecture: Our expert designers create detailed plans and architectural drawings that align with your vision and comply with local regulations.
  • Construction and Project Management: We manage the entire construction process, ensuring timely completion and minimal disruption to your daily life.
  • Finishing and Customisation: From flooring and lighting to bespoke fittings, we handle all the finishing touches to create a polished and functional space.

3. Tailored Solutions: We understand that every homeowner’s needs are unique. That’s why we offer tailored solutions that cater to your specific requirements. Whether you’re looking to create a cozy family room or a state-of-the-art home gym, we ensure that your basement construction project is customised to meet your exact needs.

Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Solutions

At CSM Ltd., we prioritise sustainability and energy efficiency in all our projects. We use high-quality, eco-friendly materials and incorporate energy-efficient systems to reduce your home’s carbon footprint. Our commitment to sustainability not only benefits the environment but also helps you save on energy costs in the long run.

Conclusion

Basement construction is a smart and innovative way to maximise your home’s potential in London. By choosing CSMANLTD, you’re partnering with a team of experienced professionals dedicated to delivering exceptional results. Whether you’re looking to create additional living space, increase your property’s value, or design a customised area that suits your lifestyle, we have the expertise to bring your vision to life. Contact us today to explore the endless possibilities of basement construction and start your journey towards a more spacious and functional home.

Read More

Alternative segment lift for HS2’s Colne Valley Viaduct minimises local disruption

Construction of High Speed 2’s (HS2’s) 3.4km long Colne Valley Viaduct has reached a major milestone with a key 40m long span lifted into place over a local road during a three week closure of the route.

You have read 1 of 1 free-access articles allowed for 30 – days. For further access please register or log in. ICE members can login for free using their ICE email address and password to gain access.

Subscribe for unlimited access

  • Read in-depth analysis of the news that matters
  • Exclusive interviews and commentary from leading industry players
  • Special reports on key events
  • Access to NCE’s ‘The Future of…’ and ‘Innovative Thinking’

Register for guest access

  • Two-week unrestricted access to www.newcivilengineer.com
  • Full access to NCE Digital Issue archive
  • Exclusive daily and weekly newsletters
Read More

Marathon’ bridge build completed on HS2

Contractors on HS2 have completed a ‘marathon’ bridge build at Streethay near Lichfield involving 18 specialist construction companies.

 

 

Work involved excavating 14,000 tonnes of earth, building a 140 metre retaining wall and moving a 2,600 tonne bridge deck 130 metres into place under the South Staffordshire freight railway.

The work was carried out during a 10 week blockade. It was completed by HS2’s civils contractor in the West Midlands, Balfour Beatty VINCI, and designers Mott MacDonald as part of a Design Joint Venture with SYSTRA (MMSDJV), together with teams from 18 specialist supply chain companies.

At the end of July, the 2,600 tonne bridge deck, which had been cast on land adjacent to the railway was moved 130 metres into position using self-propelled modular transporters.

Since then, each side of the bridge was backfilled, the rail tracks were reinstated, with the railway line was successfully handed back to Network Rail last week and now reopened.

The 25 metres long and 18 metres wide Streethay overbridge sits within HS2’s Streethay cutting and will enable HS2 trains to travel under the existing railway between Birmingham and Crewe.

Through design development, Mott MacDonald engineers were able to reduce the total length of wall structures for the railway at Streethay from 1.6 kilometres to 420 metres, meaning 80% less concrete is needed – saving around 420,000 tonnes of carbon, supporting HS2’s ambition to cut carbon on the project.

The Streethay bridge sits on top of the larger 420 metre long retaining wall structure which will have two additional bridges crossing it – the south bound A38 slip road bridge, and the Rykneld Bridge which carries the A38 north bound slip road and the A38 north and south bound carriageway.

At its peak, over 150 people worked on the complex construction operation, with teams from 18 specialist companies, delivering design, surveys, piling works, bridge build, concrete pouring, crane operations, reinforcements, modular transportation, track and systems removal and reinstatement.

The work was delivered in parallel to the construction of the nearby Fulfen Wood bridge, which involved moving a giant 6,200 tonne single span structure under the West Coast Main Line – the UK’s heaviest drive to install an intersection bridge.

David Millar, Rail Interface Manager at Balfour Beatty VINCI said: “The successful delivery of this complex and challenging piece of engineering near Lichfield is another proud moment for Balfour Beatty VINCI on the HS2 project.

“It’s only been possible thanks to the skill, dedication and support shown by the project team over the past few years, including our supply chain. Together, we’ve had to work around existing transport infrastructure, including the South Staffordshire freight railway and the A38, making this achievement even more rewarding.”

Prior to the railway blockade, retaining walls were installed on either side of the railway, enabling the areas to be excavated. The bridge deck was constructed on land adjacent to the existing railway, 130 metres from its final position.

Once the railway was closed to freight trains, the track and embankment were removed. Bachy Soletanche Balfour Beatty Ground Engineering joint venture then installed an additional 76 secant piles measuring 1.3 metres diameter and 30 metres deep, linking to the piles they installed prior to the blockade, to create two retaining walls which act as the walls for the bridge.

A concrete capping beam was installed over the retaining walls, then the bridge was moved into place using self-propelled modular transporters with 344 wheels. Concrete was poured to attach the deck to the capping beam, the embankment was back filled using 2,500 tonnes of structural backfill, on either side of the bridge, before the railway line was reinstated.

The 18 companies which delivered the project were:

J. Murphy & Sons constructed the bridge deck and the concrete elements during the blockade
Bachy Soletanche Balfour Beatty Ground Engineering JV (SB3) undertook all piling works, both before and during the blockade
The bridge parapets were made by Explore precast
Podtrak and RSS Infrastructure delivered rail systems work
Balfour Beatty VINCI delivered earthworks
Pile break-down was by Pile Breaking Systems UK Ltd
Trackway supplied by TPA
Jacking the structure and modular transportation by Mammoet UK
Survey works track monitoring by Aecom
Crane supply by King Lifting supported by BBV lifting teams
Concrete provided by CEMEX
Reinforcement by ROM – specialist reinforcement manufacturers
Temporary works by RMD
Permanent works design by Design JV (Mott Macdonald and Systra)
Temporary works design by Taylor Woodrow

Read More

Innovation Showcase | Track-free travelling formwork drives pace of HS2 green tunnel work

Innovative moving formwork is helping to speed construction of High Speed 2’s Copthall Tunnel in north west London.

Copthall Tunnel is one of five green tunnels being built along Phase 1 of High Speed 2 (HS2) between London and Birmingham.

Situated between HS2’s Northolt Tunnel and the Colne Valley Viaduct, the 880m long reinforced concrete Copthall Tunnel will blend into
its natural surroundings, covered with trees and plants once construction is complete.

The project is being delivered by Skanska Costain Strabag Joint Venture, with Kilnbridge appointed to complete the reinforced concrete works. Making the tunnel a concrete reality has been possible with custom formwork travellers engineered by Peri’s specialist infrastructure team.

As the travellers were expected to be in use over an 18 month period, the main drivers influencing their design were durability, productivity and sustainability.

To support the specified construction sequence, Peri’s engineers designed two carriages which enabled the site team to cast the walls and roof slab simultaneously, ultimately accelerating the programme. These carriages comprised four units in total, two for the wall and two for the roof.

The carriages are designed to reduce material, manual labour and craneage as the main operations such as striking, positioning and travelling are completed hydraulically.

The wall forms are built from special modular steel panels. Each set is designed to build 20m long and 7.5m high walls.

The panels are suspended from a carriage which is designed using off-the-shelf components from Peri’s Variokit range, with some specially fabricated connection parts. Variokit rails provided additional support for the formwork, reducing through ties to less than half the quantity required in a traditional panel system.

“We’ve been able to save around five days per wall in comparison to traditional formwork systems, as we can complete installation and prepare the system for concreting in one day,” says Kilnbridge project manager Teresa Martin.

The internal and external formwork on the wall carriages raise, lower and retract hydraulically, eliminating crane use and reducing labour requirements and cycle time by over 80%.

The roof carriage is built from a mix of special and standard components. In addition to fully supporting the rebar and concrete load, it features hydraulic cylinders which enable the traveller to be lowered, collapsed, pushed under the carriage in front and repositioned to allow rebar fixing and pouring operations to be concurrent. 

Peri senior sales engineer Dan Biggs says: “Special steel formwork was ideal for this project as the forms can be reused up to 30 times, so there is an obvious material saving advantage in addition to time savings, as panels do not need refacing, unlike a
plywood faced system.”

Following on from the installation of the roof traveller, the next steps will be progressing the tunnel so all three elements – base slab, tunnel walls and roof slab progress concurrently without conflicting. Tunnel construction is expected to be completed by February 2025. 

Read More

FIRST LOOK FCBS completes makeover of world’s first iron-framed building

Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios has adapted the Grade I-listed Shrewsbury Flaxmill Maltings into a £28 million social enterprise hub for Historic England after first being engaged on the project nearly 20 years ago

The Grade I-listed Shrewsbury Flaxmill Maltings was built in 1797 and was the world’s first iron-framed building, a technology developed to give better fire protection.

For nearly a century the site operated as a steam-powered flax mill and was later converted into maltings. During the Second World War the site was used as a temporary military barracks. Following the closure of the maltings in 1987, the future of the site was uncertain before it was bought by Historic England in 2005.

Historic England made it a flagship heritage regeneration project and the former maltings has been gently adapted into a workspace, leisure destination and social enterprise hub.

The project has also introduced a new ground-floor teaching space, which tells the story of the mill’s role in the industrial revolution and world architecture, alongside a café. Above, four floors of offices provide workspaces for 360 people, circulation and meeting space within the former kiln for commercial tenants, as well as access for visitor tours to the restored Jubilee Tower.

The cast iron frame, which had suffered cracking due to settlement and was under-engineered to today’s standards, has been reinforced by strengthening the masonry around the existing iron to enable it to act as an alternative load path in the event of failure. The entire frame has been put back to work through the addition of a hidden steel grillage and six new columns at ground floor level.

Putting the building back to work required comprehensive repairs to the existing fabric and insertion of new core facilities. A light-touch conservation approach was employed to preserve its character.

The pyramidal Malt Kiln, which has many level changes internally, has been converted into a new entrance. This has been left unheated to reduce energy use.

A total of 110 former windows have been reopened. This move, and refitting with new metal windows with high-performance solar glazing, reintroduces natural light and ventilation.

Thermal upgrading of the existing solid masonry walls was researched through on-site trials and hygrothermal modelling. As a result, wood fibre insulation was used to reduce heating costs.

The name ‘Shrewsbury Flaxmill Maltings’, painted in 2m-high lettering across 50m of the principal elevation, was chosen by the community following local consultations.

A heritage skills programme was delivered during the construction works, using the site as a space for learning.

Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios has been working on the project as strategic advisers and architect to Historic England and Shropshire Council since 2003. The scheme won initial planning in 2010. In 2012, the redevelopment (initially costing £52 million) won Heritage Lottery Fund backing.

Client’s view
The commitment, design creativity and attention to detail from FCBS has been impressive throughout the project. Working in close collaboration with Historic England, FCBS has delivered a fine, conservation-led solution. There is now a real sense of pride, and a positive future ahead.
Duncan Wilson, chief executive, Historic England

Project data

Location Shrewsbury
Completion September 2022
Gross internal floor area 5,596m²
Net internal area 4,181m²
Construction cost £28 million
Architect Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios
Client Historic England
Project manager Historic England
Structural and civil engineer AKT II
Mechanical and electrical engineer E3 Consulting Engineers
Landscape architect LT Studio
Quantity surveyor Gleeds
Archaeology University of Salford
Ecology Middlemarch
Catering Cooper 8
Acoustics ION Acoustics
Main contractor Croft Building and Conservation
Embodied carbon New build elements 113 kgCO2e/m² (retained elements kept 886.4 tCO2e)
Predicted annual energy use 136 kWh/m²

Read More

Common Household Waste Product Can Make Concrete 30 Percent Stronger

The potential here is massive and could make civil construction significantly greener.

The use of fine sand in concrete is expensive and unsustainable, but researchers in Australia have found an ingenious solution that is far greener and most of us have it in our houses.
Image credit: ungvar/Shutterstock. 

Researchers in Australia have used spent coffee grounds to make concrete 30 percent stronger. Simply by replacing a percentage of sand with waste coffee, something common to many households, it is possible to make construction more efficient and greener. 

As a household item, coffee grounds are everywhere. It is currently estimated that around 60 million tons are produced across the world each year, most of which is simply thrown away. That’s a lot of waste, and it contributes to the production of methane gas when it ends up in landfills, which contributes to the ongoing climate crisis. There is therefore a need to develop new recycling solutions that can help address the accumulation of this waste. That’s where the work of the team from RMIT University comes into play. 

“The inspiration for our work was to find an innovative way of using the large amounts of coffee waste in construction projects rather than going to landfills – to give coffee a ‘double shot’ at life,” lead author Dr Rajeev Roychand, a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at RMIT, said in a statement.

Because spent coffee consists of fine particles, they were proposed as useful resources for civil and commercial applications. To test the idea, the team collected spent coffee grounds from cafes in Melbourne, Australia, and then dried them. The coffee was then heated through a process called “pyrolysis”, which involves heating organic material, such as a biomass, in the absence of oxygen. This turned the coffee grounds into biochar.

The team then designed 12 mixes to compare the effects the grounds had when made into concrete. This consisted of spent grounds that were untreated (raw), and grounds that were heated to 350°C (662°F) or 500°C (932°F), respectively. These different products were then added to Portland cement at different percentages volumes (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent volume) as a replacement for sand. 

The concrete is then molded and cured at room temperature for 24 hours before being demolded and cured in water tanks to be tested for its compressive strength (to see how far it can be stressed before it fractures) and performance potential. This mix was then analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). 

The results show that a mix consisting of 15 percent pyrolyzed grounds at 350°C significantly improved the structural properties of concrete – around 29.3 percent improvement in compressive strength. 

More work needs to be done to continue developing and testing this method, but it is already showing promise and gaining interest. 

“Several councils that are battling with the disposal of organic waste have shown interest in our work”, Roychand added.  

“They have already engaged us for their upcoming infrastructure projects incorporating pyrolysed forms of different organic wastes.”

A wakeup call for the construction industry

According to the joint lead author, Dr Shannon Kilmartin-Lynch, a Vice-Chancellor’s Indigenous Postdoctoral Research Fellow at RMIT, the results of this study have significant implications for the construction industry across the world. 

“Inspiration for my research, from an Indigenous perspective, involves Caring for Country, ensuring there’s a sustainable life cycle for all materials and avoiding things going into landfill to minimise the impact on the environment,” Kilmartin-Lynch explained.

“The concrete industry has the potential to contribute significantly to increasing the recycling of organic waste such as used coffee.

“Our research is in the early stages, but these exciting findings offer an innovative way to greatly reduce the amount of organic waste that goes to landfill.”

Importantly, the use of biochar in construction projects will relax pressure on the need for fine sand, which is a scares resource across the world. Sand is among the most extracted solid materials on the planet and the second most used resource after water. Moreover, the continued extraction of sand is extremely harmful to the environment.

“The ongoing extraction of natural sand around the world – typically taken from river beds and banks – to meet the rapidly growing demands of the construction industry has a big impact on the environment,” team leader Professor Jie Li explained.

“With a circular-economy approach, we could keep organic waste out of landfill and also better preserve our natural resources like sand.”

The study was published in the Journal of Cleaner Production.

Read More